Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

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    What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis?

    Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured?

    When endothelia cells are injured, what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis?

    Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

    What pathologic change occurs to the kidney’s glomeruli as a result of hypertension?

    What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm?

    Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot  formation?

    What is the usual source of pulmonary  emboli?

    Which factor can trigger an immune response in the bloodstream that may result in an embolus?

    Which statement best describes thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)?

    Which statement best describes Raynaud  disease?

    What change in a vein supports the development of varicose   veins?

    Superior vena cava syndrome is a result of a progressive increase of which process?

    What term is used to identify when a cell is temporarily deprived of blood supply?

    The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold by which factor?

    Which risk factor is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) because of its relationship with the alteration of hepatic   lipoprotein?

    Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which neurotransmitter?

    Which substance is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein?

    Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?

    Which laboratory test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic   plaque?

    Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes?

    Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more coronary  arteries?

    When is the scar tissue that is formed after a myocardial infarction (MI) most vulnerable to injury?

    An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin, creatine kinase–isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is exhibiting indicators associated with which  condition?

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